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The paper presents a protocol for the large-scale production of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). The researchers succeeded in expanding hPSC in suspension bioreactors and differentiating them into PTEC on matrix-coated alginate beads using using CERO 3D Incubator (formerly called BioLevitator). The article explains that PTEC are crucial in blood clearance, homeostasis maintenance, waste product elimination, and active reabsorption of substances in pre-urine. They can be used to model drug-induced nephrotoxicity. maintenance, waste product elimination, and active reabsorption of substances in pre-urine. They can be used to model drug-induced nephrotoxicity.